前言

pytest是python的单元测试框架,简单易用,在很多知名项目中应用。requests是python知名的http爬虫库,同样简单易用,是python开源项目的TOP10。关于这2个项目,之前都有过介绍,本文主要介绍requests项目如何使用pytest进行单元测试,希望达到下面3个目标:

熟练pytest的使用学习如何对项目进行单元测试深入requests的一些实现细节

本文分如下几个部分:

requests项目单元测试状况简单工具类如何测试request-api如何测试底层API测试

requests项目单元测试状况

requests的单元测试代码全部在 tests 目录,使用 pytest.ini 进行配置。测试除pytest外,还需要安装:

上述依赖 master 版本在requirement-dev文件中定义;2.24.0版本会在pipenv中定义。

测试用例使用make命令,子命令在Makefile中定义, 使用make ci运行所有单元测试结果如下:

$ make ci

pytest tests --junitxml=report.xml

======================================================================================================= test session starts =======================================================================================================

platform linux -- Python 3.6.8, pytest-3.10.1, py-1.10.0, pluggy-0.13.1

rootdir: /home/work6/project/requests, inifile: pytest.ini

plugins: mock-2.0.0, httpbin-1.0.0, cov-2.9.0

collected 552 items

tests/test_help.py ... [ 0%]

tests/test_hooks.py ... [ 1%]

tests/test_lowlevel.py ............... [ 3%]

tests/test_packages.py ... [ 4%]

tests/test_requests.py .................................................................................................................................................................................................... [ 39%]

127.0.0.1 - - [10/Aug/2021 08:41:53] "GET /stream/4 HTTP/1.1" 200 756

.127.0.0.1 - - [10/Aug/2021 08:41:53] "GET /stream/4 HTTP/1.1" 500 59

----------------------------------------

Exception happened during processing of request from ('127.0.0.1', 46048)

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "/usr/lib64/python3.6/wsgiref/handlers.py", line 138, in run

self.finish_response()

x......................................................................................... [ 56%]

tests/test_structures.py .................... [ 59%]

tests/test_testserver.py ......s.... [ 61%]

tests/test_utils.py ..s................................................................................................................................................................................................ssss [ 98%]

ssssss..... [100%]

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- generated xml file: /home/work6/project/requests/report.xml -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

======================================================================================= 539 passed, 12 skipped, 1 xfailed in 64.16 seconds ========================================================================================

可以看到requests在1分钟内,总共通过了539个测试用例,效果还是不错。使用 make coverage 查看单元测试覆盖率:

$ make coverage

----------- coverage: platform linux, python 3.6.8-final-0 -----------

Name Stmts Miss Cover

-------------------------------------------------

requests/__init__.py 71 71 0%

requests/__version__.py 10 10 0%

requests/_internal_utils.py 16 5 69%

requests/adapters.py 222 67 70%

requests/api.py 20 13 35%

requests/auth.py 174 54 69%

requests/certs.py 4 4 0%

requests/compat.py 47 47 0%

requests/cookies.py 238 115 52%

requests/exceptions.py 35 29 17%

requests/help.py 63 19 70%

requests/hooks.py 15 4 73%

requests/models.py 455 119 74%

requests/packages.py 16 16 0%

requests/sessions.py 283 67 76%

requests/status_codes.py 15 15 0%

requests/structures.py 40 19 52%

requests/utils.py 465 170 63%

-------------------------------------------------

TOTAL 2189 844 61%

Coverage XML written to file coverage.xml

结果显示requests项目总体覆盖率61%,每个模块的覆盖率也清晰可见。

单元测试覆盖率使用代码行数进行判断,Stmts显示模块的有效行数,Miss显示未执行到的行。如果生成html的报告,还可以定位到具体未覆盖到的行;pycharm的coverage也有类似功能。

tests下的文件及测试类如下表:

简单工具类如何测试

test_help 实现分析

先从最简单的test_help上手,测试类和被测试对象命名是对应的。先看看被测试的模块help.py。这个模块主要是2个函数 info 和 _implementation:

import idna

def _implementation():

...

def info():

...

system_ssl = ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER

system_ssl_info = {

'version': '%x' % system_ssl if system_ssl is not None else ''

}

idna_info = {

'version': getattr(idna, '__version__', ''),

}

...

return {

'platform': platform_info,

'implementation': implementation_info,

'system_ssl': system_ssl_info,

'using_pyopenssl': pyopenssl is not None,

'pyOpenSSL': pyopenssl_info,

'urllib3': urllib3_info,

'chardet': chardet_info,

'cryptography': cryptography_info,

'idna': idna_info,

'requests': {

'version': requests_version,

},

}

info提供系统环境的信息,_implementation是其内部实现,以下划线*_*开头。再看测试类test_help:

from requests.help import info

def test_system_ssl():

"""Verify we're actually setting system_ssl when it should be available."""

assert info()['system_ssl']['version'] != ''

class VersionedPackage(object):

def __init__(self, version):

self.__version__ = version

def test_idna_without_version_attribute(mocker):

"""Older versions of IDNA don't provide a __version__ attribute, verify

that if we have such a package, we don't blow up.

"""

mocker.patch('requests.help.idna', new=None)

assert info()['idna'] == {'version': ''}

def test_idna_with_version_attribute(mocker):

"""Verify we're actually setting idna version when it should be available."""

mocker.patch('requests.help.idna', new=VersionedPackage('2.6'))

assert info()['idna'] == {'version': '2.6'}

首先从头部的导入信息可以看到,仅仅对info函数进行测试,这个容易理解。info测试通过,自然覆盖到_implementation这个内部函数。这里可以得到单元测试的第1个技巧:

仅对public的接口进行测试

test_idna_without_version_attribute和test_idna_with_version_attribute均有一个mocker参数,这是pytest-mock提供的功能,会自动注入一个mock实现。使用这个mock对idna模块进行模拟

# 模拟空实现

mocker.patch('requests.help.idna', new=None)

# 模拟版本2.6

mocker.patch('requests.help.idna', new=VersionedPackage('2.6'))

可能大家会比较奇怪,这里patch模拟的是 requests.help.idna , 而我们在help中导入的是 inda 模块。这是因为在requests.packages中对inda进行了模块名重定向:

for package in ('urllib3', 'idna', 'chardet'):

locals()[package] = __import__(package)

# This traversal is apparently necessary such that the identities are

# preserved (requests.packages.urllib3.* is urllib3.*)

for mod in list(sys.modules):

if mod == package or mod.startswith(package + '.'):

sys.modules['requests.packages.' + mod] = sys.modules[mod]

使用mocker后,idna的__version__信息就可以进行控制,这样info中的idna结果也就可以预期。那么可以得到第2个技巧:

2.使用mock辅助单元测试

test_hooks 实现分析

我们继续查看hooks如何进行测试:

from requests import hooks

def hook(value):

return value[1:]

@pytest.mark.parametrize(

'hooks_list, result', (

(hook, 'ata'),

([hook, lambda x: None, hook], 'ta'),

)

)

def test_hooks(hooks_list, result):

assert hooks.dispatch_hook('response', {'response': hooks_list}, 'Data') == result

def test_default_hooks():

assert hooks.default_hooks() == {'response': []}

hooks模块的2个接口default_hooks和dispatch_hook都进行了测试。其中default_hooks是纯函数,无参数有返回值,这种函数最容易测试,仅仅检查返回值是否符合预期即可。dispatch_hook会复杂一些,还涉及对回调函数(hook函数)的调用:

def dispatch_hook(key, hooks, hook_data, **kwargs):

"""Dispatches a hook dictionary on a given piece of data."""

hooks = hooks or {}

hooks = hooks.get(key)

if hooks:

# 判断钩子函数

if hasattr(hooks, '__call__'):

hooks = [hooks]

for hook in hooks:

_hook_data = hook(hook_data, **kwargs)

if _hook_data is not None:

hook_data = _hook_data

return hook_data

pytest.mark.parametrize提供了2组参数进行测试。第一组参数hook和ata很简单,hook是一个函数,会对参数裁剪,去掉首位,ata是期望的返回值。test_hooks的response的参数是Data,所以结果应该是ata。第二组参数中的第一个参数会复杂一些,变成了一个数组,首位还是hook函数,中间使用一个匿名函数,匿名函数没有返回值,这样覆盖到 if _hook_data is not None: 的旁路分支。执行过程如下:

hook函数裁剪Data首位,剩余ata匿名函数不对结果修改,剩余atahook函数继续裁剪ata首位,剩余ta

经过测试可以发现dispatch_hook的设计十分巧妙,使用pipeline模式,将所有的钩子串起来,这是和事件机制不一样的地方。细心的话,我们可以发现 if hooks: 并未进行旁路测试,这个不够严谨,有违我们的第3个技巧:

3.测试尽可能覆盖目标函数的所有分支

test_structures 实现分析

LookupDict的测试用例如下:

class TestLookupDict:

@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)

def setup(self):

"""LookupDict instance with "bad_gateway" attribute."""

self.lookup_dict = LookupDict('test')

self.lookup_dict.bad_gateway = 502

def test_repr(self):

assert repr(self.lookup_dict) == ""

get_item_parameters = pytest.mark.parametrize(

'key, value', (

('bad_gateway', 502),

('not_a_key', None)

)

)

@get_item_parameters

def test_getitem(self, key, value):

assert self.lookup_dict[key] == value

@get_item_parameters

def test_get(self, key, value):

assert self.lookup_dict.get(key) == value

可以发现使用setup方法配合@pytest.fixture,给所有测试用例初始化了一个lookup_dict对象;同时pytest.mark.parametrize可以在不同的测试用例之间复用的,我们可以得到第4个技巧:

4.使用pytest.fixture复用被测试对象,使用pytest.mark.parametriz复用测试参数

通过TestLookupDict的test_getitem和test_get可以更直观的了解LookupDict的get和__getitem__方法的作用:

class LookupDict(dict):

...

def __getitem__(self, key):

# We allow fall-through here, so values default to None

return self.__dict__.get(key, None)

def get(self, key, default=None):

return self.__dict__.get(key, default)

get自定义字典,使其可以使用 get 方法获取值__getitem__自定义字典,使其可以使用 [] 符合获取值

CaseInsensitiveDict的测试用例在test_structures和test_requests中都有测试,前者主要是基础测试,后者偏向业务使用层面,我们可以看到这两种差异:

class TestCaseInsensitiveDict:

# 类测试

def test_repr(self):

assert repr(self.case_insensitive_dict) == "{'Accept': 'application/json'}"

def test_copy(self):

copy = self.case_insensitive_dict.copy()

assert copy is not self.case_insensitive_dict

assert copy == self.case_insensitive_dict

class TestCaseInsensitiveDict:

# 使用方法测试

def test_delitem(self):

cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()

cid['Spam'] = 'someval'

del cid['sPam']

assert 'spam' not in cid

assert len(cid) == 0

def test_contains(self):

cid = CaseInsensitiveDict()

cid['Spam'] = 'someval'

assert 'Spam' in cid

assert 'spam' in cid

assert 'SPAM' in cid

assert 'sPam' in cid

assert 'notspam' not in cid

借鉴上面的测试方法,不难得出第5个技巧:

5.可以从不同的层面对同一个对象进行单元测试

后面的test_lowlevel和test_requests也应用了这种技巧

utils.py

utils中构建了一个可以写入env的生成器(由yield关键字提供),可以当上下文装饰器使用:

import contextlib

import os

@contextlib.contextmanager

def override_environ(**kwargs):

save_env = dict(os.environ)

for key, value in kwargs.items():

if value is None:

del os.environ[key]

else:

os.environ[key] = value

try:

yield

finally:

os.environ.clear()

os.environ.update(save_env)

下面是使用方法示例:

# test_requests.py

kwargs = {

var: proxy

}

# 模拟控制proxy环境变量

with override_environ(**kwargs):

proxies = session.rebuild_proxies(prep, {})

def rebuild_proxies(self, prepared_request, proxies):

bypass_proxy = should_bypass_proxies(url, no_proxy=no_proxy)

def should_bypass_proxies(url, no_proxy):

...

get_proxy = lambda k: os.environ.get(k) or os.environ.get(k.upper())

...

6.涉及环境变量的地方,可以使用上下文装饰器进行模拟多种环境变量

utils测试用例

utils的测试用例较多,我们选择部分进行分析。先看to_key_val_list函数:

# 对象转列表

def to_key_val_list(value):

if value is None:

return None

if isinstance(value, (str, bytes, bool, int)):

raise ValueError('cannot encode objects that are not 2-tuples')

if isinstance(value, Mapping):

value = value.items()

return list(value)

对应的测试用例TestToKeyValList:

class TestToKeyValList:

@pytest.mark.parametrize(

'value, expected', (

([('key', 'val')], [('key', 'val')]),

((('key', 'val'), ), [('key', 'val')]),

({'key': 'val'}, [('key', 'val')]),

(None, None)

))

def test_valid(self, value, expected):

assert to_key_val_list(value) == expected

def test_invalid(self):

with pytest.raises(ValueError):

to_key_val_list('string')

重点是test_invalid中使用pytest.raise对异常的处理:

7.使用pytest.raises对异常进行捕获处理

TestSuperLen介绍了几种进行IO模拟测试的方法:

class TestSuperLen:

@pytest.mark.parametrize(

'stream, value', (

(StringIO.StringIO, 'Test'),

(BytesIO, b'Test'),

pytest.param(cStringIO, 'Test',

marks=pytest.mark.skipif('cStringIO is None')),

))

def test_io_streams(self, stream, value):

"""Ensures that we properly deal with different kinds of IO streams."""

assert super_len(stream()) == 0

assert super_len(stream(value)) == 4

def test_super_len_correctly_calculates_len_of_partially_read_file(self):

"""Ensure that we handle partially consumed file like objects."""

s = StringIO.StringIO()

s.write('foobarbogus')

assert super_len(s) == 0

@pytest.mark.parametrize(

'mode, warnings_num', (

('r', 1),

('rb', 0),

))

def test_file(self, tmpdir, mode, warnings_num, recwarn):

file_obj = tmpdir.join('test.txt')

file_obj.write('Test')

with file_obj.open(mode) as fd:

assert super_len(fd) == 4

assert len(recwarn) == warnings_num

def test_super_len_with_tell(self):

foo = StringIO.StringIO('12345')

assert super_len(foo) == 5

foo.read(2)

assert super_len(foo) == 3

def test_super_len_with_fileno(self):

with open(__file__, 'rb') as f:

length = super_len(f)

file_data = f.read()

assert length == len(file_data)

使用StringIO来模拟IO操作,可以配置各种IO的测试。当然也可以使用BytesIO/cStringIO, 不过单元测试用例一般不关注性能,StringIO简单够用。pytest提供tmpdir的fixture,可以进行文件读写操作测试可以使用__file__来进行文件的只读测试,__file__表示当前文件,不会产生副作用。

8.使用IO模拟配合进行单元测试

request-api如何测试

requests的测试需要httpbin和pytest-httpbin,前者会启动一个本地服务,后者会安装一个pytest插件,测试用例中可以得到httpbin的fixture,用来操作这个服务的URL。

坦率的讲:这个测试用例内容庞大,达到2500行。看起来是针对各种业务的零散case,我并没有完全理顺其组织逻辑。我选择一些感兴趣的业务进行介绍, 先看TimeOut的测试:

TARPIT = 'http://10.255.255.1'

class TestTimeout:

def test_stream_timeout(self, httpbin):

try:

requests.get(httpbin('delay/10'), timeout=2.0)

except requests.exceptions.Timeout as e:

assert 'Read timed out' in e.args[0].args[0]

@pytest.mark.parametrize(

'timeout', (

(0.1, None),

Urllib3Timeout(connect=0.1, read=None)

))

def test_connect_timeout(self, timeout):

try:

requests.get(TARPIT, timeout=timeout)

pytest.fail('The connect() request should time out.')

except ConnectTimeout as e:

assert isinstance(e, ConnectionError)

assert isinstance(e, Timeout)

test_stream_timeout利用httpbin创建了一个延迟10s响应的接口,然后请求本身设置成2s,这样可以收到一个本地timeout的错误。test_connect_timeout则是访问一个不存在的服务,捕获连接超时的错误。

TestRequests都是对requests的业务进程测试,可以看到至少是2种:

class TestRequests:

def test_basic_building(self):

req = requests.Request()

req.url = 'http://kennethreitz.org/'

req.data = {'life': '42'}

pr = req.prepare()

assert pr.url == req.url

assert pr.body == 'life=42'

def test_path_is_not_double_encoded(self):

request = requests.Request('GET', "http://0.0.0.0/get/test case").prepare()

assert request.path_url == '/get/test%20case

...

def test_HTTP_200_OK_GET_ALTERNATIVE(self, httpbin):

r = requests.Request('GET', httpbin('get'))

s = requests.Session()

s.proxies = getproxies()

r = s.send(r.prepare())

assert r.status_code == 200

ef test_set_cookie_on_301(self, httpbin):

s = requests.session()

url = httpbin('cookies/set?foo=bar')

s.get(url)

assert s.cookies['foo'] == 'bar'

对url进行校验,只需要对request进行prepare,这种情况下,请求并未发送,少了网络传输,测试用例会更迅速需要响应数据的情况,需要使用httbin构建真实的请求-响应数据

底层API测试

testserver构建一个简单的基于线程的tcp服务,这个tcp服务具有__enter__和__exit__方法,还可以当一个上下文环境使用。

class TestTestServer:

def test_basic(self):

"""messages are sent and received properly"""

question = b"success?"

answer = b"yeah, success"

def handler(sock):

text = sock.recv(1000)

assert text == question

sock.sendall(answer)

with Server(handler) as (host, port):

sock = socket.socket()

sock.connect((host, port))

sock.sendall(question)

text = sock.recv(1000)

assert text == answer

sock.close()

def test_text_response(self):

"""the text_response_server sends the given text"""

server = Server.text_response_server(

"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n" +

"Content-Length: 6\r\n" +

"\r\nroflol"

)

with server as (host, port):

r = requests.get('http://{}:{}'.format(host, port))

assert r.status_code == 200

assert r.text == u'roflol'

assert r.headers['Content-Length'] == '6'

test_basic方法对Server进行基础校验,确保收发双方可以正确的发送和接收数据。先是客户端的sock发送question,然后服务端在handler中判断收到的数据是question,确认后返回answer,最后客户端再确认可以正确收到answer响应。 test_text_response方法则不完整的测试了http协议。按照http协议的规范发送了http请求,Server.text_response_server会回显请求。下面是模拟浏览器的锚点定位不会经过网络传输的testcase:

def test_fragment_not_sent_with_request():

"""Verify that the fragment portion of a URI isn't sent to the server."""

def response_handler(sock):

req = consume_socket_content(sock, timeout=0.5)

sock.send(

b'HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n'

b'Content-Length: '+bytes(len(req))+b'\r\n'

b'\r\n'+req

)

close_server = threading.Event()

server = Server(response_handler, wait_to_close_event=close_server)

with server as (host, port):

url = 'http://{}:{}/path/to/thing/#view=edit&token=hunter2'.format(host, port)

r = requests.get(url)

raw_request = r.content

assert r.status_code == 200

headers, body = raw_request.split(b'\r\n\r\n', 1)

status_line, headers = headers.split(b'\r\n', 1)

assert status_line == b'GET /path/to/thing/ HTTP/1.1'

for frag in (b'view', b'edit', b'token', b'hunter2'):

assert frag not in headers

assert frag not in body

close_server.set()

可以看到请求的path是 /path/to/thing/#view=edit&token=hunter2,其中 # 后面的部分是本地锚点,不应该进行网络传输。上面测试用例中,对接收到的响应进行判断,鉴别响应头和响应body中不包含这些关键字。

结合requests的两个层面的测试,我们可以得出第9个技巧:

9.构造模拟服务配合测试

总结

简单小结一下,从requests的单元测试实践中,可以得到下面9个技巧:

仅对public的接口进行测试使用mock辅助单元测试测试尽可能覆盖目标函数的所有分支使用pytest.fixture复用被测试对象,使用pytest.mark.parametriz复用测试参数可以从不同的层面对同一个对象进行单元测试涉及环境变量的地方,可以使用上下文装饰器进行模拟多种环境变量使用pytest.raises对异常进行捕获处理使用IO模拟配合进行单元测试构造模拟服务配合测试

最后: 为了回馈铁杆粉丝们,我给大家整理了完整的软件测试视频学习教程,朋友们如果需要可以自行免费领取 【保证100%免费】

全套资料获取方式:点击下方小卡片自行领取即可

 

 

参考链接

评论可见,请评论后查看内容,谢谢!!!
 您阅读本篇文章共花了: