目录

一. 女 HashMap介绍1.1 特点1.2 底层实现

二. 女 结构以及对应方法分析2.1 结构组成2.1.1 成员变量2.1.2 存储元素的节点类型2.1.2.1 链表Node类2.1.2.2 树节点类2.1.2.3 继承关系

2.2 方法实现2.2.1 HashMap的数组初始化2.2.2 计算hash值2.2.3 添加元素put(K key,V value)方法2.2.4 数组扩容

三. 女 总结

一. 女 HashMap介绍

1.1 特点

HashMap 是 Map 接口的接口实现类,它采用哈希算法实现,是 Map 接口最常用的实现类。 由于底层采用了哈希表存储数据,所以要求键不能重复,如果发生重复,新的值会替换旧的值。 HashMap 在查找、删除、修改方面都有非常高的效率。

1.2 底层实现

HashMap 底层实现采用了哈希表,既集合了数组(占用空间连续。 寻址容易,查询速度快)的优点,又集合了链表(增加和删除效率非常高)的优点。其实哈希表的本质就是”数组+链表“。

二. 女 结构以及对应方法分析

在HashMap中,当维互链表节点个数的过程中,链表节点数大于8时,则会转化成红黑树来存储,从而提高查询效率。

2.1 结构组成

2.1.1 成员变量

DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4: 默认的初始容量为16,而且注解有说明这个默认初始化容量必须是2的倍数。 MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30:最大初始化容量为2^30。 DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f:负载因子,用来决定数组什么时候开始扩容,即当数组长度达到75%时会进行扩容。 TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8:阈值,当前数组长度>64,会将节点个数大于8的链表做红黑树转换。 UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6:同理,当红黑树节点数小于6时,将这个红黑树转换成链表。 MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64:设置当数组长度超过多少时,才会对链表节点个数大于8的做红黑树转换。 transient Node[] table:就是前面说的神秘的数组。(为啥是Nodel类型?)

/**

* The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two.

*/

static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16

/**

* The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified

* by either of the constructors with arguments.

* MUST be a power of two <= 1<<30.

*/

static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;

/**

* The load factor used when none specified in constructor.

*/

static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;

/**

* The bin count threshold for using a tree rather than list for a

* bin. Bins are converted to trees when adding an element to a

* bin with at least this many nodes. The value must be greater

* than 2 and should be at least 8 to mesh with assumptions in

* tree removal about conversion back to plain bins upon

* shrinkage.

*/

static final int TREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 8;

/**

* The bin count threshold for untreeifying a (split) bin during a

* resize operation. Should be less than TREEIFY_THRESHOLD, and at

* most 6 to mesh with shrinkage detection under removal.

*/

static final int UNTREEIFY_THRESHOLD = 6;

/**

* The smallest table capacity for which bins may be treeified.

* (Otherwise the table is resized if too many nodes in a bin.)

* Should be at least 4 * TREEIFY_THRESHOLD to avoid conflicts

* between resizing and treeification thresholds.

*/

static final int MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY = 64;

/**

* The table, initialized on first use, and resized as

* necessary. When allocated, length is always a power of two.

* (We also tolerate length zero in some operations to allow

* bootstrapping mechanics that are currently not needed.)

*/

transient Node[] table;

2.1.2 存储元素的节点类型

既然说了哈希表是由数组+链表组成,而且到后面还会转为红黑树,那么他肯定会有对应的节点类。其源码类型如下:

2.1.2.1 链表Node类

/**

* Basic hash bin node, used for most entries. (See below for

* TreeNode subclass, and in LinkedHashMap for its Entry subclass.)

*/

static class Node implements Map.Entry {

final int hash;

final K key;

V value;

Node next;

Node(int hash, K key, V value, Node next) {

this.hash = hash;

this.key = key;

this.value = value;

this.next = next;

}

public final K getKey() { return key; }

public final V getValue() { return value; }

public final String toString() { return key + "=" + value; }

public final int hashCode() {

return Objects.hashCode(key) ^ Objects.hashCode(value);

}

public final V setValue(V newValue) {

V oldValue = value;

value = newValue;

return oldValue;

}

public final boolean equals(Object o) {

if (o == this)

return true;

if (o instanceof Map.Entry) {

Map.Entry e = (Map.Entry)o;

if (Objects.equals(key, e.getKey()) &&

Objects.equals(value, e.getValue()))

return true;

}

return false;

}

}

由源码可知,链表的Node节点类型实现了Map接口的内部接口类Entry,这个接口定义的就是能操作HashMap的一个key——>value存储结构的一些行为(例如 获取键值对的key)。 成员遍历 hash:记录存储key的hash值,不可改变(final修饰) key:记录key,不可改变(final修饰),所以hashmap的key是唯一的,不能重复。 value:记录value,可改变。 next:当前节点记录下一个节点的地址(由此可知,该链表是单向链表)

2.1.2.2 树节点类

/**

* Entry for Tree bins. Extends LinkedHashMap.Entry (which in turn

* extends Node) so can be used as extension of either regular or

* linked node.

*/

static final class TreeNode extends LinkedHashMap.Entry {

TreeNode parent; // red-black tree links

TreeNode left;

TreeNode right;

TreeNode prev; // needed to unlink next upon deletion

boolean red;

TreeNode(int hash, K key, V val, Node next) {

super(hash, key, val, next);

}

/**

* Returns root of tree containing this node.

*/

final TreeNode root() {

for (TreeNode r = this, p;;) {

if ((p = r.parent) == null)

return r;

r = p;

}

}

成员变量: parent:记录父节点 left: 左子树 right:右子树 prev:前节点 red:记录红黑树的状态(true是红树,反之。)

2.1.2.3 继承关系

HashMap的数组既有链表,又有红黑树,为什么这个神秘的数组是Node类型?我觉得到这里就可以讲的通了:

链表节点类Node实现了Entry接口,而LinkedHashMap的内部类Entry又继承了Node类,而TreeNode又继承了Entry,所以红黑树的节点类是和链表的Node是有继承关系的,可以统一当成一个类型来看待,所以Node类型的数组既可以存放链表,又可以存放红黑树。

2.2 方法实现

2.2.1 HashMap的数组初始化

在 JDK11 的 HashMap 中对于数组的初始化采用的是延迟初始化方式。通过 resize 方法 实现初始化处理。resize 方法既实现数组初始化,也实现数组扩容处理。

tips:啥叫延迟初始化? 向数组添加第一个元素的时候,才开始对数组做初始化处理。

/**

* Initializes or doubles table size. If null, allocates in

* accord with initial capacity target held in field threshold.

* Otherwise, because we are using power-of-two expansion, the

* elements from each bin must either stay at same index, or move

* with a power of two offset in the new table.

*

* @return the table

*/

final Node[] resize() {

Node[] oldTab = table;

int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;

int oldThr = threshold;

int newCap, newThr = 0;

if (oldCap > 0) {

if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {

threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;

return oldTab;

}

else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&

oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)

newThr = oldThr << 1; // double threshold

}

else if (oldThr > 0) // initial capacity was placed in threshold

newCap = oldThr;

else { // zero initial threshold signifies using defaults

newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY;

newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY);

}

if (newThr == 0) {

float ft = (float)newCap * loadFactor;

newThr = (newCap < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY && ft < (float)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ?

(int)ft : Integer.MAX_VALUE);

}

threshold = newThr;

@SuppressWarnings({"rawtypes","unchecked"})

Node[] newTab = (Node[])new Node[newCap];

table = newTab;

if (oldTab != null) {

for (int j = 0; j < oldCap; ++j) {

Node e;

if ((e = oldTab[j]) != null) {

oldTab[j] = null;

if (e.next == null)

newTab[e.hash & (newCap - 1)] = e;

else if (e instanceof TreeNode)

((TreeNode)e).split(this, newTab, j, oldCap);

else { // preserve order

Node loHead = null, loTail = null;

Node hiHead = null, hiTail = null;

Node next;

do {

next = e.next;

if ((e.hash & oldCap) == 0) {

if (loTail == null)

loHead = e;

else

loTail.next = e;

loTail = e;

}

else {

if (hiTail == null)

hiHead = e;

else

hiTail.next = e;

hiTail = e;

}

} while ((e = next) != null);

if (loTail != null) {

loTail.next = null;

newTab[j] = loHead;

}

if (hiTail != null) {

hiTail.next = null;

newTab[j + oldCap] = hiHead;

}

}

}

}

}

return newTab;

}

首先,回到刚刚的HashMap的成员变量时,成员变量table只是作了一个声明,如图: 所以table为null,所以在执行int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length时,oldCap=0,而此时 threshold也为0,所以在执行第一个if的时候,两个变量都为0,所以直接执行else里面的语句。 newCap = DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY; newThr = (int)(DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR * DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY); 即将将初始化数组长度的成员变量(16)赋值给newCap,而下一句则是将下一次扩容的长度给newThr(此时为12),然后跳过if语句,给成员变量threshold重新赋值。再执行 Node[] newTab = (Node[])new Node[newCap],将newTab赋值给成员变量table,然后返回newTab,这样一次初始化完成。

2.2.2 计算hash值

在map的存储中,我们是根据key的hash值来存放元素的。所以需要对key的hash值进行一系列的运算:

1.获取key的hashCode。 2.根据hashCode计算出hash值。(但是由于要求要转换成table数组的长度-1的范围内,所以还需要一系列的运算。) 3.转化算法:hash = hashcode&(n-1)得到数组中的存放位置。

/**

* Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.

* If the map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old

* value is replaced.

*

* @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated

* @param value value to be associated with the specified key

* @return the previous value associated with key, or

* null if there was no mapping for key.

* (A null return can also indicate that the map

* previously associated null with key.)

*/

public V put(K key, V value) {

return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);

}

static final int hash(Object key) {

int h;

return (key == null) ? 0 : (h = key.hashCode()) ^ (h >>> 16);

}

这里是计算key的hash值的方法。先将key的hashcode值赋给h,然后与h的高16位进行异或运算(也就是h的低16位和高16位进行异或运算)。 下面来演示一下运算过程: 假定:key = 123456,使用计算器计算得到其二进制为: 然后进行异或运算(相同为0,相异为1): 计算得到10进制为: 到这一步返回123457,下面回到putVal()方法:

/**

* Implements Map.put and related methods

*

* @param hash hash for key

* @param key the key

* @param value the value to put

* @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value

* @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.

* @return previous value, or null if none

*/

final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,

boolean evict) {

Node[] tab; Node p; int n, i;

if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)

n = (tab = resize()).length;

if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)

tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);

else {

Node e; K k;

if (p.hash == hash &&

((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))

e = p;

else if (p instanceof TreeNode)

e = ((TreeNode)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);

else {

for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {

if ((e = p.next) == null) {

p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);

if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st

treeifyBin(tab, hash);

break;

}

if (e.hash == hash &&

((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))

break;

p = e;

}

}

if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key

V oldValue = e.value;

if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)

e.value = value;

afterNodeAccess(e);

return oldValue;

}

}

++modCount;

if (++size > threshold)

resize();

afterNodeInsertion(evict);

return null;

}

putVal方法拿到key的hashCode后,和15进行&运算(相同为1,相异为0): 最终得到存入数组位置为1。

2.2.3 添加元素put(K key,V value)方法

调用了putVal()方法(源码在上面)

putVal()主要是计算hash值从而获取元素在数组中的位置(前面已经分析过了)、如果该位置数组没有元素,则将新节点放入;我们都知道,hashMap对于key相同的值,是将其value值覆盖,key不变,以下则是实现方法: 如果p节点与TreeNode节点是同类(红黑树),则将其挂到红黑树上: 前面都不执行的话,最后就是挂载到数组所在位置的链表了末尾了:

我们再来看看链表——>红黑树的方法( treeifyBin(Node[] tab, int hash))

/**

* Replaces all linked nodes in bin at index for given hash unless

* table is too small, in which case resizes instead.

*/

final void treeifyBin(Node[] tab, int hash) {

int n, index; Node e;

if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) < MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY)

resize();

else if ((e = tab[index = (n - 1) & hash]) != null) {

TreeNode hd = null, tl = null;

do {

TreeNode p = replacementTreeNode(e, null);

if (tl == null)

hd = p;

else {

p.prev = tl;

tl.next = p;

}

tl = p;

} while ((e = e.next) != null);

if ((tab[index] = hd) != null)

hd.treeify(tab);

}

}

在这里,我们看到:链表并不是马上做红黑树转换,而是先判断数组的长度是否大于MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY(这个前面有解释),小于MIN_TREEIFY_CAPACITY则会调用 resize()方法,对数组进行扩容处理。

2.2.4 数组扩容

三. 女 总结

HashMap的底层是由哈希算法来实现的(即数组+链表的形式),数组长度大于64并且链表的节点个数大于8时,会将链表转变为红黑树,这样就大大减少了遍历的时间,提高效率,之所以一个数组能存储两种数据结构,就是因为数组的数据类型为链表的节点Node,而红黑树节点TreeNode跟Node有继承关系的。此外,HashMap是采用延时初始化的方式来初始化数组的,即用户添加第一个元素的时候才会调用resize() 初始化数组长度(16),以及预定数组下一次扩容长度(12)。还有就是hash值的计算以及添加元素等方法的原理,等待小伙伴们的探索哦! 学习源码知识,有助于帮助我们扎实内功,提升程序员的涵养,如果您不想直接在idea查看源码,也想了解他,可以关注博主,都给您整理好啦,好了,文章到这里就结束啦,咱们下期见,喜欢可以一键三连哦

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