所有作品合集传送门: Tidy Tuesday

2018 年合集传送门: 2018

Biketown Bikeshare

欢迎来到ggplot2的世界!

ggplot2是一个用来绘制统计图形的 R 软件包。它可以绘制出很多精美的图形,同时能避免诸多的繁琐细节,例如添加图例等。

用 ggplot2 绘制图形时,图形的每个部分可以依次进行构建,之后还可以进行编辑。ggplot2 精心挑选了一系列的预设图形,因此在大部分情形下可以快速地绘制出许多高质量的图形。如果在格式上还有额外的需求,也可以利用 ggplot2 中的主题系统来进行定制, 无需花费太多时间来调整图形的外观,而可以更加专注地用图形来展现你的数据。

1. 一些环境设置

# 设置为国内镜像, 方便快速安装模块

options("repos" = c(CRAN = "https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/CRAN/"))

2. 设置工作路径

wkdir <- '/home/user/R_workdir/TidyTuesday/2018/2018-06-05_Biketown_Bikeshare/src-a'

setwd(wkdir)

3. 加载 R 包

library(glue)

library(ggmap)

library(Hmisc)

library(tidyverse)

library(lubridate)

library(patchwork)

# 导入字体设置包

library(showtext)

# font_add_google() showtext 中从谷歌字体下载并导入字体的函数

# name 中的是字体名称, 用于检索, 必须严格对应想要字体的名字

# family 后面的是代码后面引用时的名称, 自己随便起

# 需要能访问 Google, 也可以注释掉下面这行, 影响不大

# font_families_google() 列出所有支持的字体, 支持的汉字不多

# http://www.googlefonts.net/

font_add_google(name = "Karantina", family = "ka")

font_add_google(name = "Cutive", family = "albert")

font_add_google(name = "ZCOOL XiaoWei", family = "zxw")

# 后面字体均可以使用导入的字体

showtext_auto()

4. 加载数据

df_input <- readr::read_csv("../data/week10_biketown.csv", show_col_types = FALSE)

# 简要查看数据内容

glimpse(df_input)

## Rows: 523,588

## Columns: 20

## $ ...1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16…

## $ RouteID 1282087, 1282113, 1282118, 1282120, 1282123, 1282125,…

## $ PaymentPlan "Casual", "Subscriber", "Subscriber", "Subscriber", "…

## $ StartHub "NE Sandy at 16th", NA, "NW Kearney at 23rd", NA, NA,…

## $ StartLatitude 45.52441, 45.53150, 45.52914, 45.50248, NA, 45.50469,…

## $ StartLongitude -122.6498, -122.6597, -122.6987, -122.6723, NA, -122.…

## $ StartDate "7/19/2016", "7/19/2016", "7/19/2016", "7/19/2016", "…

## $ StartTime

## $ EndHub NA, NA, "SW 5th at Oak", "SE 2nd Pl at Tilikum Way", …

## $ EndLatitude 45.53506, 45.50248, 45.52117, 45.50624, NA, 45.52117,…

## $ EndLongitude -122.6546, -122.6723, -122.6764, -122.6633, NA, -122.…

## $ EndDate "7/19/2016", "7/19/2016", "7/19/2016", "7/19/2016", "…

## $ EndTime

## $ TripType NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, N…

## $ BikeID 6083, 6238, 7271, 6875, 7160, 6590, 6582, 6534, 6573,…

## $ BikeName "0468 BIKETOWN", "0774 BIKETOWN", "0359 BIKETOWN", "0…

## $ Distance_Miles 1.19, 2.95, 13.46, 0.53, 0.00, 3.35, 3.35, 1.22, 1.48…

## $ Duration "00:25:46", "00:18:44", "02:06:19", "00:05:21", "00:0…

## $ RentalAccessPath "keypad", "mobile", "mobile", "keypad", "keypad", "ke…

## $ MultipleRental FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALS…

# 检查数据的列名

colnames(df_input)

## [1] "...1" "RouteID" "PaymentPlan" "StartHub"

## [5] "StartLatitude" "StartLongitude" "StartDate" "StartTime"

## [9] "EndHub" "EndLatitude" "EndLongitude" "EndDate"

## [13] "EndTime" "TripType" "BikeID" "BikeName"

## [17] "Distance_Miles" "Duration" "RentalAccessPath" "MultipleRental"

5. 数据预处理

# 载入数据, 并对数据日期进行处理

df_trip <- df_input %>%

# filter() 根据条件过滤数据, 过滤掉没有时间记录的观测

filter(StartDate != "", StartTime != "") %>%

# mutate() 主要用于在数据框中添加新的变量, 这些变量是通过对现有的变量进行操作而形成的

dplyr::mutate(StartDate = mdy(StartDate),

# mdy() 将字符串转换成日期时间

EndDate = mdy(EndDate),

# parse_date_time() 日期时间解析函数

Start = parse_date_time(glue("{StartDate} {StartTime}"), "Ymd HMS"),

Hour = parse_factor(as.character(hour(Start)), as.character(c(0, 23:1))),

Weekday = fct_relevel(wday(Start, label = TRUE), c("Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun")),

Duration = hms::as_hms(round((EndTime - StartTime))))

# 简要查看数据内容

glimpse(df_trip)

## Rows: 519,500

## Columns: 23

## $ ...1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16…

## $ RouteID 1282087, 1282113, 1282118, 1282120, 1282123, 1282125,…

## $ PaymentPlan "Casual", "Subscriber", "Subscriber", "Subscriber", "…

## $ StartHub "NE Sandy at 16th", NA, "NW Kearney at 23rd", NA, NA,…

## $ StartLatitude 45.52441, 45.53150, 45.52914, 45.50248, NA, 45.50469,…

## $ StartLongitude -122.6498, -122.6597, -122.6987, -122.6723, NA, -122.…

## $ StartDate 2016-07-19, 2016-07-19, 2016-07-19, 2016-07-19, 2016…

## $ StartTime

## $ EndHub NA, NA, "SW 5th at Oak", "SE 2nd Pl at Tilikum Way", …

## $ EndLatitude 45.53506, 45.50248, 45.52117, 45.50624, NA, 45.52117,…

## $ EndLongitude -122.6546, -122.6723, -122.6764, -122.6633, NA, -122.…

## $ EndDate 2016-07-19, 2016-07-19, 2016-07-19, 2016-07-19, 2016…

## $ EndTime

## $ TripType NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, NA, N…

## $ BikeID 6083, 6238, 7271, 6875, 7160, 6590, 6582, 6534, 6573,…

## $ BikeName "0468 BIKETOWN", "0774 BIKETOWN", "0359 BIKETOWN", "0…

## $ Distance_Miles 1.19, 2.95, 13.46, 0.53, 0.00, 3.35, 3.35, 1.22, 1.48…

## $ Duration

## $ RentalAccessPath "keypad", "mobile", "mobile", "keypad", "keypad", "ke…

## $ MultipleRental FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE, FALS…

## $ Start 2016-07-19 10:22:00, 2016-07-19 10:28:00, 2016-07-19…

## $ Hour 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, 1…

## $ Weekday Tue, Tue, Tue, Tue, Tue, Tue, Tue, Tue, Tue, Tue, Tue…

6. 利用 ggplot2 绘图

6.1 绘制每周旅游情况热图

df_albert <- df_trip %>%

# count() 根据分组计算观测

count(Weekday, Hour) %>%

# 剔除凌晨 1, 2, 3, 4 时间的观测, 因为这个点为休息时间, 几乎没什么旅行

filter(!Hour %in% c(1, 2, 3, 4))

# PS: 方便讲解, 我这里进行了拆解, 具体使用时可以组合在一起

gg <- df_albert %>% ggplot(aes(x = Weekday, y = Hour, fill = n))

gg <- gg + geom_tile()

gg <- gg + scale_x_discrete(position = "top")

gg <- gg + scale_y_discrete(labels = c("12 AM", glue("{c(11:1, 12)} PM"), glue("{11:5} AM")))

gg <- gg + scale_fill_gradient(low = "#00FF7F", high = "#FF0000")

gg <- gg + annotate("segment", y = 21, yend = 21, x = -Inf, xend = Inf, color = "#696969", size = .3)

gg <- gg + annotate("segment", y = 0, yend = 0, x = -Inf, xend = Inf, color = "#696969", size = .3)

# labs() 对图形添加注释和标签(包含标题 title、子标题 subtitle、坐标轴 x & y 和引用 caption 等注释)

gg <- gg + labs(title = "每周中, 每天/小时的行程热图",

subtitle = NULL,

x = NULL,

y = NULL,

caption = "资料来源: Biketown Bikeshare · graph by 数绘小站")

# theme_minimal() 去坐标轴边框的最小化主题

gg <- gg + theme_minimal()

# theme() 实现对非数据元素的调整, 对结果进行进一步渲染, 使之更加美观

gg <- gg + theme(

# panel.grid.major 主网格线, 这一步表示删除主要网格线

panel.grid.major = element_blank(),

# panel.grid.minor 次网格线, 这一步表示删除次要网格线

panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),

# plot.margin 调整图像边距, 上-右-下-左

plot.margin = margin(2, 1, 2, .5),

# plot.title 主标题

plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5, color = "black", size = 20, face = "bold", family = 'zxw'),

# plot.caption 说明文字

plot.caption = element_text(hjust = 0.85, size = 10),

# axis.text 坐标轴刻度文本

axis.text = element_text(size = 8, hjust = 0, face = "bold", family = "albert"),

# legend.position 设置图例位置, "none" 表示不显示图例

legend.position = 'none')

gg

6.2 绘制每周旅游情况峦峰图

df_albert <- df_trip %>%

# floor_date() 将时间向前归一化到 10 分钟的整数倍

mutate(floor_week = floor_date(Start, "weeks")) %>%

# count() 根据分组计算观测

count(floor_week, PaymentPlan) %>%

# group_by() 以指定的列进行分组

group_by(floor_week) %>%

# mutate() 主要用于在数据框中添加新的变量, 这些变量是通过对现有的变量进行操作而形成的

dplyr::mutate(Sum = sum(n)) %>%

# filter() 根据条件过滤数据

filter(PaymentPlan %in% "Subscriber")

# PS: 方便讲解, 我这里进行了拆解, 具体使用时可以组合在一起

hh <- df_albert %>% ggplot()

hh <- hh + geom_ribbon(aes(x = floor_week, ymin = 0, ymax = Sum), fill = "#123456", color = "#808080")

hh <- hh + geom_ribbon(aes(x = floor_week, ymin = 0, ymax = n), fill = "#FF4500", color = "#808080")

hh <- hh + scale_x_datetime(date_labels = "%b %y",

breaks = seq(as_datetime("2016-08-01"),

as_datetime("2018-02-01"), "6 months"))

hh <- hh + scale_y_continuous(labels = glue("{seq(0, 15, 5)}K"))

# labs() 对图形添加注释和标签(包含标题 title、子标题 subtitle、坐标轴 x & y 和引用 caption 等注释)

hh <- hh + labs(title = "每周中旅行次数峦峰图",

subtitle = NULL,

x = NULL,

y = NULL)

# theme_minimal() 去坐标轴边框的最小化主题

hh <- hh + theme_minimal()

# theme() 实现对非数据元素的调整, 对结果进行进一步渲染, 使之更加美观

hh <- hh + theme(

# panel.grid.minor 次网格线, 这一步表示删除次要网格线

panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),

# plot.title 主标题

plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5, color = "black", size = 20, face = "bold", family = 'zxw'),

# axis.text 坐标轴刻度文本

axis.text = element_text(size = 12, hjust = 0, face = "bold", family = "albert"),

# legend.position 设置图例位置, "none" 表示不显示图例

legend.position = 'none')

hh

6.3 添加一些统计信息

df_alt <- df_trip %>%

# select() 选择需要使用的列, 获得旅行的目的地信息

select(EndLongitude, EndHub, EndLatitude) %>%

# drop_na() 去除含有缺失值的观测

drop_na() %>%

# count() 根据分组计算观测, 默认生成`n`, 用于存放计数结果

count(EndHub, EndLatitude, EndLongitude) %>%

# arrange() 根据 change 列进行排序, 默认是升序; arrange + desc() 表示改为降序排列

arrange(desc(n)) %>%

# top_n() 表示选择前多少个观测

top_n(150, n)

# 根据上一步获得数据集, 挑选在其中的值

df_alb <- df_trip %>% filter(EndHub %in% df_alt$EndHub)

ntrip <- nrow(df_alt)

avgTime <- mean(df_alt$Duration, na.rm = TRUE) %>%

as.duration() %>% as.numeric("minutes") %>% round()

# 生成文本框所需要的数据

DF <- data.frame(x = c(0, 1.1),

xend = c(1, 2.1),

y = c(0, 0),

yend = c(1, 1)/2,

txt = c(paste0("行程次数\n", ntrip), paste0("行程平均持续时间\n", avgTime, " 分钟")))

# PS: 方便讲解, 我这里进行了拆解, 具体使用时可以组合在一起

ii <- ggplot()

ii <- ii + geom_rect(DF, mapping = aes(xmin = x, xmax = xend, ymin = y, ymax = yend),

fill = "#FFFFFF", color = "#000000", alpha = 0.5)

ii <- ii + geom_text(DF, mapping = aes(x = (x + xend)/2, y = (y + yend)/2, label = txt), size = 4)

ii <- ii + coord_fixed()

ii <- ii + theme_void()

ii

6.4 绘制旅行目的地图

# 查看目的地经纬度信息

range(df_alt$EndLatitude)

## [1] 45.49429 45.56283

range(df_alt$EndLongitude)

## [1] -122.7007 -122.6232

top <- mean(df_alt$EndLatitude) + 0.05

bottom <- mean(df_alt$EndLatitude) - 0.05

left <- mean(df_alt$EndLongitude) - 0.1

right <- mean(df_alt$EndLongitude) + 0.1

# 根据经纬度获取地图

portland <- ggmap::get_map(location = c(top = top, bottom = bottom, left = left, right = right))

# https://stackoverflow.com/q/31316076/9421451

# ggmap() 实现地图背景的绘制

jj <- ggmap(portland)

# geom_point() 绘制散点图

jj <- jj + geom_point(data = df_alt, aes(x = EndLongitude, y = EndLatitude, size = n),

color = "white", fill = "#f94d1f", shape = 21)

# scale_x_continuous() 对连续变量设置坐标轴显示范围

jj <- jj + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(left + 0.04, right - 0.08))

# scale_y_continuous() 对连续变量设置坐标轴显示范围

jj <- jj + scale_y_continuous(limits = c(bottom + 0.00005, top - 0.00005))

# labs() 对图形添加注释和标签(包含标题 title、子标题 subtitle、坐标轴 x & y 和引用 caption 等注释)

jj <- jj + labs(title = "旅程目的地")

# theme_minimal() 白色背景和浅灰色网格线, 无边框

jj <- jj + theme_minimal()

# theme() 实现对非数据元素的调整, 对结果进行进一步渲染, 使之更加美观

jj <- jj + theme(

# axis.text 坐标轴刻度文本

axis.text = element_blank(),

# axis.title 坐标轴标题

axis.title = element_blank(),

# legend.position 设置图例位置, "none" 表示不显示图例

legend.position = "none",

# plot.title 主标题

plot.title = element_text(family = "zxw", size = 20, face = "bold"),

# plot.margin 调整图像边距, 上-右-下-左

plot.margin = margin(.5, 0, 0, 0, "cm"))

jj

7. 保存图片到 PDF 和 PNG

jj + (hh + ii + gg + plot_layout(ncol = 1, heights = c (6, 4, 12))) + plot_layout(ncol = 2)

filename = '20180605-A-01'

ggsave(filename = paste0(filename, ".pdf"), width = 10.2, height = 9.2, device = cairo_pdf)

ggsave(filename = paste0(filename, ".png"), width = 10.2, height = 9.2, dpi = 100, device = "png", bg = 'white')

8. session-info

sessionInfo()

## R version 4.2.1 (2022-06-23)

## Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit)

## Running under: Ubuntu 20.04.5 LTS

##

## Matrix products: default

## BLAS: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libblas.so.3

## LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/liblapack.so.3

##

## locale:

## [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C

## [3] LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8

## [5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8

## [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C

## [9] LC_ADDRESS=C LC_TELEPHONE=C

## [11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C

##

## attached base packages:

## [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base

##

## other attached packages:

## [1] showtext_0.9-5 showtextdb_3.0 sysfonts_0.8.8 patchwork_1.1.2

## [5] lubridate_1.8.0 forcats_0.5.2 stringr_1.4.1 dplyr_1.0.10

## [9] purrr_0.3.4 readr_2.1.2 tidyr_1.2.1 tibble_3.1.8

## [13] tidyverse_1.3.2 Hmisc_4.7-1 Formula_1.2-4 survival_3.4-0

## [17] lattice_0.20-45 ggmap_3.0.0 ggplot2_3.3.6 glue_1.6.2

##

## loaded via a namespace (and not attached):

## [1] bitops_1.0-7 fs_1.5.2 bit64_4.0.5

## [4] RColorBrewer_1.1-3 httr_1.4.4 tools_4.2.1

## [7] backports_1.4.1 bslib_0.4.0 utf8_1.2.2

## [10] R6_2.5.1 rpart_4.1.16 DBI_1.1.3

## [13] colorspace_2.0-3 nnet_7.3-17 withr_2.5.0

## [16] sp_1.5-0 tidyselect_1.1.2 gridExtra_2.3

## [19] bit_4.0.4 curl_4.3.2 compiler_4.2.1

## [22] textshaping_0.3.6 cli_3.4.1 rvest_1.0.3

## [25] htmlTable_2.4.1 xml2_1.3.3 labeling_0.4.2

## [28] sass_0.4.2 scales_1.2.1 checkmate_2.1.0

## [31] systemfonts_1.0.4 digest_0.6.29 foreign_0.8-82

## [34] rmarkdown_2.16 base64enc_0.1-3 jpeg_0.1-9

## [37] pkgconfig_2.0.3 htmltools_0.5.3 highr_0.9

## [40] dbplyr_2.2.1 fastmap_1.1.0 htmlwidgets_1.5.4.9000

## [43] rlang_1.0.6 readxl_1.4.1 rstudioapi_0.14

## [46] farver_2.1.1 jquerylib_0.1.4 generics_0.1.3

## [49] jsonlite_1.8.2 vroom_1.5.7 googlesheets4_1.0.1

## [52] magrittr_2.0.3 interp_1.1-3 Matrix_1.5-1

## [55] Rcpp_1.0.9 munsell_0.5.0 fansi_1.0.3

## [58] lifecycle_1.0.3 stringi_1.7.8 yaml_2.3.5

## [61] plyr_1.8.7 grid_4.2.1 parallel_4.2.1

## [64] crayon_1.5.1 deldir_1.0-6 haven_2.5.1

## [67] splines_4.2.1 hms_1.1.2 knitr_1.40

## [70] pillar_1.8.1 rjson_0.2.21 reprex_2.0.2

## [73] evaluate_0.16 latticeExtra_0.6-30 data.table_1.14.2

## [76] modelr_0.1.9 png_0.1-7 vctrs_0.4.2

## [79] tzdb_0.3.0 RgoogleMaps_1.4.5.3 cellranger_1.1.0

## [82] gtable_0.3.1 assertthat_0.2.1 cachem_1.0.6

## [85] xfun_0.32 broom_1.0.1 ragg_1.2.3

## [88] googledrive_2.0.0 gargle_1.2.1 cluster_2.1.4

## [91] ellipsis_0.3.2

测试数据

配套数据下载:Biketown Bikeshare

精彩链接

评论可见,请评论后查看内容,谢谢!!!
 您阅读本篇文章共花了: